Answer: a. lattice energy
The charge of the resulting ions is a major factor in the strength of ionic bonding e.g. a salt C + A − is held together by electrostatic forces roughly four times weaker than C 2+ A 2− according to Coulombs law where C and A represent a generic cation and anion respectively.
Pauling estimated that an electronegativity difference of 1.7 (on the Pauling scale) corresponds to 50% ionic character so that a difference greater than 1.7 corresponds to a bond which is predominantly ionic. Ionic character in covalent bonds can be directly measured for atoms having quadrupolar nuclei (2 H 14 N 81 79 Br 35 37 Cl or 127 I).
How to predict the bond strength by radius. Metallic radius ionic radius and covalent radius of each atom in a molecule can be used to estimate the bond strength . For example the covalent radius of boron is estimated at 83.0 pm but the bond length of B–B in B 2 Cl 4 is 175 pm a significantly larger value. This would indicate that the bond between the two boron atoms is a rather weak …
Ionic bonding – Wikipedia
Ionic bonding – Wikipedia
Ionic bonding – Wikipedia
Ionic bonding – Wikipedia
Solvation describes the interaction of solvent with dissolved molecules. Both ionized and uncharged molecules interact strongly with solvent and the strength and nature of this interaction influence many properties of the solute including solubility reactivity and color as well as influencing the properties of the solvent such as the viscosity and density.
Ionic compounds containing basic ions hydroxide (OH −) or oxide (O 2−) are classified as bases. Ionic compounds without these ions are also known as salts and can be formed by acid–base reactions. Ionic compounds can also be produced from …